DAFTAR SINGKATAN “ATM” (3): P s/d Z

Lanjutan dari: DAFTAR SINGKATAN “ATM” (2): I s/d O

PENGANTAR

 

Setiap hari “singkatan” (abbreviation) atau juga “akronim” selalu bertambah. Menghapalkan pasti sulit apalagi yang berbahasa Inggris. Dalam kaitan dengan kegiatan pengendalian HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis dan Malaria, kita akan jumpai singkatan yang demikian banyak. Bagi pengelola program terkait, yang hari-hari bergumul dengan HIV/AIDS, TB atau Malaria tentunya tidak kesulitan. Tetapi bagi orang awam atau (mohon maaf) pejabat yang urusannya lebih besar, suatu saat bisa lupa. Pada saat “meeting” atau menyampaikan materi, bisa saja hilang dari kepala. Dulu saya sering mengalami hal ini. Mau tanya kepada staf, rasanya malu.

 

Daftar singkatan di bawah dikumpulkan dari publikasi WHO. Tidak hanya singkatan untuk hal-hal teknis tetapi juga lainnya yang terkait dengan kegiatan teknisnya. Demikian pula singkatan nama Badan, organisasi, komite, tim terkait dalam singkatan bahasa Inggris disertakan sekali. Supaya tidak terlalu panjang, sehingga kelamaan “scroll down” posting dibagi tiga. Ini adalah bagian ke tiga atau bagian terakhir yang diawali huruf P s/d Z. Kiranya bermanfaat.

P

PAL: Practical Approach to Lung Health

PAR: Populations At Risk of malaria

PAS: Para AminoSalicylic Acid

PATH: Program for Appropriate Technology in Health

PCP: Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia

PCD: Passive Case Detection

PCP: Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (sekarang dikenal sebagai Pneumocystis jiroveci)

PCPNC: Pregnancy Childbirth Postpartum

PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction

PDS: Panel Detection Score

PEP: Post-exposure prophylaxis

PEPFAR: US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief

PETRA: Perinatal Transmission Study

PfHRP2: Plasmodium falciparum Histidine-Rich Protein-2

PGL: Persistence Generalized Lymphadenopathy

PHC: Primary Health Care

PI: Protease Inhibitor; bPI: Boosted Protease Inhibitor

PID: Pelvic Inflamatory Disease

PIAs: Phased Implementation of collaborative TB/HIV Activities

PICO: Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcomes

PICT: Provider-Initiated Counselling and Testing

PID: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

PIH: Partners In Health

PIU: Programme Implementation Unit (of UNDP)

PK: PharmacoKinetic

pLDH: parasite-lactate dehydrogenase

PLHA: People Living with HIV or AIDS

PLHIV: People Living with HIV

PLWH People Living With HIV/AIDS

PLWHA: People living with HIV and AIDS

PMDT: Programmatic Management of Drugresistant Tuberculosis

PMI: The US President’s Malaria Initiative

PML: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

PMTCT: Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission [untuk HIV]

POC: Point-Of-Care

PPD: Purified Protein Derivative

PP: Private Provider

PPM: Public–Private Mix

PPP: Public–Private Partnerships

PQR: The Global Fund’s Price and Quality Reporting

PrEP: Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis

PREMA-EU: Pregnancy, Malaria, Anaemia-European Union-funded project

ProTEST: WHO-coordinated initiative to PROmote TESTing for HIV by using VCT as an entry point to access a range of HIV/TB/STIs prevention and care interventions

PRSP: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

PSL: Private Sector Laboratory

PSM: Procurement and Supply Chain Management

PT: Preventive Therapy

PT: Proficiency Testing

PTB: Pulmonary TuBerculosis

Pvdhfr: Plasmodium vivax dihydrofolate reductase

PVO: Private Voluntary Organization

PWID: People Who Inject Drugs

Q

QA: quality assurance

QC: Quality Control

QI: Quality Improvement

R

R: Rifampicin

RAL: Raltegravir

RAR: Rapid Assessment and Response

RAVREDA: Amazon Network for the Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Resistance

RBM: The Roll Back Malaria Partnership

RBV: Ribavirim

RCT: Randomized Clinical Trial

RCT: Randomized Controlled Trial

R&D: Research and Development

RDA: Recommended Daily Allowance

RDBMS: Relational DataBase Management System

RDT: Rapid Diagnostic Test

RFB: Rifabutin

RH: Relative Humidity

RH: Reproductive Health

RIF: Rifampicin

RMP: Rifampicin

RNA: RiboNucleic Acid

RNM: Resource Needs Model

RPR: Rapid Plasma Reagin

RR: Relative Risk

RR: Risk ratio

R&R: Recording and Reporting

RS: Remote Sensing

RT: Reverse Transcriptase

RTI: Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor

RTV: Ritonavir

RWG: Resources Working Group

S

SAE: Serious Adverse Event

SAGE: WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization

SCC: Short-Course Chemotherapy

sdNVP: Single-Dose Nevirapine

SEAR: WHO South-East Asia Region

SEARO: WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia

SES: SocioEconomic Status       

SIGN: Safe Injection Global Network

SJS: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

SLD: Second-Line anti-TB Drug

SMC: Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention

SME: Small and Medium sized Enterprise

SNRL: SupraNational Reference Laboratory

SOP:  Standard Operating Procedure

SP: Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine

SPR: Slide Positivity Rate

SQV: Saquinavir

SQV/r: Saquinavir/Ritonavir

SRH: Sexual and Reproductive Health

SRL: Supranational Reference Laboratory

SRLN: Supranational Reference Laboratory Network

STAG-TB: WHO’s Strategic and Technical Advisory Group on TB

STB: WHO Stop TB Department

STD: Sexually Transmitted Disease (Indonesia: PMS – Penyakit Menular Seksual

STI: Sexually Transmitted Infection (Indonesia: IMS – Infeksi Menular Seksual)

STI: Structured Treatment Interruption

SUFI: Scale-Up For Impact

SW: Sex Worker

SWAP: Sector-Wide Approach

T

TA: Technical Assistance

TAG: Treatment Action Group

TasP: Treatment as Prevention

TB: Tuberculosis

TBCTA: Tuberculosis Coalition for Technical Assistance

TB/HIV: HIV-related TB

TB-IC: TuBerculosis Infection Control

TBPT: Tuberculosis Preventive Therapy

TBTEAM: TB Technical Assistance Mechanism

TDF: Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate

TDF: Tropical Disease Foundation

TDR: Tropical Disease Research (Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases)

TEG: Technical Expert Group

TEN: Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

TG: Transgender People

The Union: (IUATLD) International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

TI: Transfer In

TLC: Total Lymphocyte Count

TO: Transfer Out

TRIPS: Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
 

TSH: Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

TST: Tuberculin Skin Test

TU: Tuberculin Unit

U

UA: Universal Access

ULN: Upper Limit of Normal

UN: United Nations

UNAIDS: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS

UNDHA: United Nations Department for Humanitarian Affairs

UNDMT: United Nations Disaster Management Teams

UNDP:  United Nations Development Programme

UNFPA: United Nations Population Fund

UNGASS: United Nations General assembly Special Session

UNHCR: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund

UNITAID:  International facility for the purchase of diagnostics and medicines for diagnosis

and treatment of HIV/AIDS, malaria and TB.

UNODC: United Nations Office on Drug and Crime

UNSE: Office of the United Nations Special Envoy for Malaria

USAID: United States Agency for International Development

UVGI: UltraViolet Germicidal Irradiation

V

VAS: Visual Analogue Scale

VCT Voluntary Counselling and Testing (for HIV infection). Now referred to as Client-initiated Testing and Counselling (CITC)

VL: Viral Load

VMMC: Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision

VOICE: Vaginal and Oral Interventions to Control the Epidemic

VR: Vital Registration

W

WBC: White Blood Cell Count

WDF: World Diabetes Foundation

WER: WHO Weekly Epidemiological Record

WFP: World Food Programme

WG: Working Group

WHA: World Health Assembly

WHO: World Health Organization

WHO-CHOICE: CHOosing Interventions that are Cost-Effective

WHOPES: WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme

WIN: Scalable Vector Control Working Group

WMD: Weighted Mean Difference

WPR: WHO Western Pacific Region

WPRO: WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific

X

XDR-TB: Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis

Y

YRC: Youth Red Cross

Z

ZDV: Zidovudine

ZN: Ziehl-Neelsen (pengecatan)

DAFTAR SINGKATAN “ATM” (2): I s/d O

Lanjutan dari: DAFTAR SINGKATAN “ATM”(1)): A s/d O

PENGANTAR

Setiap hari “singkatan” (abbreviation) atau juga “akronim” selalu bertambah. Menghapalkan pasti sulit apalagi yang berbahasa Inggris. Dalam kaitan dengan kegiatan pengendalian HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis dan Malaria, kita akan jumpai singkatan yang demikian banyak. Bagi pengelola program terkait, yang hari-hari bergumul dengan HIV/AIDS, TB atau Malaria tentunya tidak kesulitan. Tetapi bagi orang awam atau (mohon maaf) pejabat yang urusannya lebih besar, suatu saat bisa lupa. Pada saat “meeting” atau menyampaikan materi, bisa saja hilang dari kepala. Dulu saya sering mengalami hal ini. Mau tanya kepada staf, rasanya malu.

 

Daftar singkatan di bawah dikumpulkan dari publikasi WHO. Tidak hanya singkatan untuk hal-hal teknis tetapi juga lainnya yang terkait dengan kegiatan teknisnya. Demikian pula singkatan nama Badan, organisasi, komite, tim terkait dalam singkatan bahasa Inggris disertakan sekali. Supaya tidak terlalu panjang, sehingga kelamaan “scroll down” posting dibagi tiga. Ini adalah bagian ke dua yang diawali huruf I s/d O. Kiranya bermanfaat.
 

I

IAEG: Inter-Agency and Expert Group on MDG Indicators

IAS: International AIDS Society

IATT: Interagency Task Team

IC: Infection Control

IC50: Concentration providing 50% inhibition

ICAP: International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs

ICCM: Integrated Community Case Management

ICD-10: International Classification of Diseases (revisi ke 10))

ICF: Intensified Case-Finding

ICT: ImmunoChromatographic Test

ICW: International Community of Women with HIV/AIDS

IDA: International Development Association

IDP: Internally Displaced Person
 

IDSA: Infectious Diseases Society of America

IDU: Injecting Drug Users/use

IDU: Intravenous Drug Use (Indonesia: Penasun - Pengguna Narkotika Suntik)

IDV: Indinavir

IEC: Information, Education, Communication

IFRC: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

IGRA: Interferon-Gamma Release Assay

IHME: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

IHP+: The International Health Partnership and Related Initiatives

IHR: International Health Regulations

ILO: International Labour Organization

IM: intramuscular

IMAAI: Integrated Management of Adolescent and Adult Illness

IMCI: Integrated Management of Childhood Illness

IMCI: Integrated Mother and Child Initiative

IMF:  International Monetary Fund

IMPAC: Integrated Management of Pregnancy And Childbirth

INAT: Introducing New Approaches and Tools (subgroup of the Partnership DOTS Expansion Working Group)

INH: Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide/isoniazid

InSTI: integrase strand transfer inhibitor (or integrase inhibitor)

IPC: Infection Prevention and Control

IPV: Intimate Partner Violence

IPT:  Isoniazid Preventive Therapy

IPT: Intermittent Preventive Treatment

IPT1: First dose of intermittent preventive treatment

IPT2: Second dose of intermittent preventive treatment

IPTc: Intermittent Preventive Treatment of malaria in children

IPTi: Intermittent Preventive Treatment in infants

IPTp: Intermittent Preventive Treatment in pregnancy

IRIS: Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome

IRC: International Rescue Committee

IRL: Intermediate Reference Laboratory

IRR: Incidence Rate Ratio

IRS: Indoor Residual Spraying

ISTC: International Standards for Tuberculosis Care

ITPC: International Treatment Preparedness Coalition

ITM: insecticide-Treated Material

ITN: Insecticide-Treated (Mosquito)  Nets

IUATLD (The Union): International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

IUD: IntraUterine Device

IV: IntraVenous

IVM: Integrated Vector Management

J

JATA: Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association

JVP: Jugular Venous Pressure

K

KAP: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices

Kdr: Knock-Down Resistance

KNCV: Koninklijke Nederlandse Centrale Vereniging tot bestrijding der Tuberculose (Royal Netherlands Tuberculosis Foundation)

KS: Kaposi’s Sarcoma

L

L&D: Labour and delivery

LDSS: Low Dead-Space Syringe

LED: Light-Emitting Diode

LFT: Liver Function Test

LIC: Low-Income Countries

LIP:  Lymphocytic (lymphoid) Interstitial Pneumonitis

LLIN: Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets

LMIC: Low and Middle-Income Countries

LP: lumbar Puncture

LPV: Lopinavir

LPV/r: Lopinavir/Ritonavir; Lopinavir with a booster dose of Ritonavir

LPA: Line Probe Assay

LSM: Larval Source Management

LTBI: Latent Tuberculosis Infection

LTF: Late Treatment Failure

M

MAC: Mycobacterium Avium intraCellulare

MAP: Malaria Atlas project

MARP: Most-At-rRsk Population

MAWG: Malaria Advocacy Working Group

MC: Male Circumcision

MCH: Maternal and Child Health

MCP: Malaria Control Programme

MCV: Mean Corpuscular Volume

MDA; Mass Drug Administration

MDG(s): Millennium Development Goal(s)

MDR: Multiple Drug Resistance (TB resistance to at least Isoniazid and Rifampicin)

MDR-HBC: High MDR-TB Burden Countries

MDR-TB: Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis

M&E: Monitoring and Evaluation

MEMS: Medication Event Monitoring System

MERG: Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group (UNAIDS, RBM)

MGIT: Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube

mhGAP: Mental Health Gap Action Programme

MIC: Middle-Income Countries

MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

MICS: Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey

MIM: Multilateral Initiative on Malaria

MIP: Malaria In Pregnancy

MIS: Malaria Indicator Survey

MMEIG: Maternal Mortality Estimation Interagency Group

MMR: Maternal Mortality Rate

MMV: Medicines for Malaria Venture

MNC: Multi-National Company

MNCH: Maternal, Newborn and Child Health

MoH: Ministry of Health

MoJ:  Ministry of Justice

MoU: Memorandum of Understanding

MPAC: Malaria Policy Advisory Committee

MPS: Making Pregnancy Safer

MSAT: Mass Screening and Treatment

MSF: Médecins Sans Frontières

MSH: Management Sciences for Health

MSM: Men who have Sex with Men (Indonesia: LSL – Laki-laki Seks dengan Laki-laki)

MSMGF: Global Forum on MSM and HIV

MTCT: Mother-to-child transmission

MTEF: Medium-Term Expenditure Framework

MTR: Mid-term Reviews

MTSP: Medium-Term Strategic Plan

MVC: Maraviroc

MUAC: Mid-upper Arm Circumference

MVI: Malaria Vaccine Initiative

M/XDR-TB: MultiDrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (lihat MDR-TB) and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (lihat XDR-TB).

N

NAAT: Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests/testing

NACP: National AIDS Control Programme

NAM: Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogue Mutation

NAMP: National Anti-Malaria Programme

NAP: National AIDS Program

NAT: Nucleic Acid Testing

NFV: Nelfinavir

NG: NasoGastric

NGO: NonGovernmental Organization

NHPS: National Health Policies, Strategies and Plans

NIAID: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [US]

NIH: National Institutes of Health [US]

NIOSH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, USA

NMCP: National Malaria Control Program

NNRTI: Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor

NRL: National (TB) Reference Laboratory

NRTI: Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitor

NSA: National Situation Assessment

NSA: National Strategy Application

NSAID: Nonsteroidal AntiInflamatory Drug

NSP: Needle and Syringe Programme (Indonesia: LJSS – Layanan Jarum Suntik Steril)

NsRTI: Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor

NTM: Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria

NTP: National Tuberculosis Control Program

NtRTI: Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor

NVP: Nevirapine

sd-NVP: Single Dose Nevirapine

NVPOI: Nevirapine

NWG: National Working Group

O

OBR: Optimized Background Regiment

ODA: Official Development Assistance

OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OGAC: Office of the US Global AIDS Coordinator

OGTT: Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

OHCHR: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

OI: Opportunistic Infections

OP: Organophosphate

OPD: Outpatient Department

Open MRS: Open Medical Records System

OR: Odds Ratio

OR: Operational Research

ORS: Oral Rehydration Solution

OST: Opioid Substitution Therapy (Indonesia: PTRM – Pelayanan Terapi Rumatan Metadon)

Dilanjutkan ke: DAFTAR SINGKATAN “ATM” (3): P s/d Z